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As a result, an insufficient number of calcium ions are available to trigger a sufficient contractile force.Ĭardiologists (cardi- = “heart” -ologist = “one who studies”) are doctors who specialize in treating heart diseases, including heart failure. Heart failure occurs when cardiac muscle cells’ endoplasmic reticula do not function properly. Left untreated, heart failure can lead to kidney failure and other organ failure.Ĭardiac muscle tissue comprises the heart’s wall. Rather, it means that the heart can’t pump with sufficient force to transport oxygenated blood to all the vital organs. Heart failure does not mean that the heart has stopped working. Heart failure is just one of many disabling heart conditions. This is primarily due to our sedentary lifestyle and our high trans-fat diets. This is the case with liver cells, for example.ĬardiologistHeart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Since the RER is engaged in modifying proteins (such as enzymes, for example) that secrete from the cell, you would be correct in assuming that the RER is abundant in cells that secrete proteins. If the phospholipids or modified proteins are not destined to stay in the RER, they will reach their destinations via transport vesicles that bud from the RER’s membrane ( (Figure)).
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The RER also makes phospholipids for cellular membranes. The proteins can also secrete from the cell (such as protein hormones, enzymes). These modified proteins incorporate into cellular membranes-the ER or the ER’s or other organelles’ membranes. Ribosomes transfer their newly synthesized proteins into the RER’s lumen where they undergo structural modifications, such as folding or acquiring side chains. (credit: modification of work by Louisa Howard) This transmission electron micrograph shows the rough endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles in a pancreatic cell.